Ibiti bisanzwe nicyuma byabaye ibikoresho byingenzi byubaka abantu mumyaka ibihumbi. Polimeri yubukorikori twita plastike ni igihangano giherutse guturika mu kinyejana cya 20.
Byombi ibyuma na plastiki bifite imitungo ikwiranye nogukoresha inganda nubucuruzi. Ibyuma birakomeye, birakomeye, kandi mubisanzwe birwanya ikirere, amazi, ubushyuhe, hamwe nihungabana rihoraho.Nyamara, bisaba kandi ibikoresho byinshi (bivuze ko bihenze) kugeza kubyara no gutunganya ibicuruzwa byabo.Plastike itanga bimwe mubikorwa byicyuma mugihe bisaba misa nkeya kandi bihendutse cyane kubyara umusaruro.Imitungo yabo irashobora guhindurwa kugirango ikoreshwe hafi.Nyamara, plastike yubucuruzi ihendutse ikora ibikoresho byubatswe biteye ubwoba: ibikoresho bya plastike ntabwo a ikintu cyiza, kandi ntamuntu numwe wifuza gutura munzu ya plastiki. Byongeye kandi, usanga akenshi binonosorwa mumavuta ya fosile.
Mubisabwa bimwe, ibiti bisanzwe birashobora guhangana nicyuma na plastiki. Amazu menshi yumuryango yubatswe ku mbaho zimbaho.Ikibazo nuko ibiti karemano byoroshye cyane kandi byangiritse cyane kumazi kugirango bisimbuze plastiki nicyuma igihe kinini. Impapuro ziherutse cyasohotse mu kinyamakuru Matter kirasesengura ishyirwaho ryibiti bikomye bikarenga izo mbogamizi. Ubu bushakashatsi bwasojwe no gukora ibyuma bikozwe mu biti n’imisumari. Icyuma cyibiti kimeze gute kandi uzagikoresha vuba aha?
Imiterere ya fibrous yibiti igizwe na selile hafi 50%, polymer karemano ifite imbaraga zingirakamaro muburyo bwiza.Igice gisigaye cyimiterere yibiti ni lignin na hemicellulose.Mu gihe selile ikora fibre ndende, ikomeye itanga ibiti hamwe numugongo wa kamere yayo. imbaraga, hemicellulose ifite imiterere mike idahwitse bityo rero ntacyo itanga kumbaraga zinkwi.Lignin yuzuza icyuho kiri hagati ya fibre selile kandi ikora imirimo yingirakamaro kubiti bizima.Ariko kubwabantu bagamije guhuza ibiti no guhambira fibre ya selile cyane hamwe, lignin yabaye inzitizi.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, inkwi karemano zakozwe mu biti bikomye (HW) mu ntambwe enye. Ubwa mbere, inkwi zitekwa muri hydroxide ya sodium na sodium sulfate kugira ngo ukureho zimwe na zimwe za hemicellulose na lignine.Nyuma yo kuvura imiti, inkwi ziba nyinshi mu gukanda ni mu icapiro ryamasaha menshi mubushyuhe bwicyumba.Ibi bigabanya icyuho gisanzwe cyangwa imyenge mubiti kandi bikongerera imiti ihuza fibre yegeranye ya selile. Ibikurikira, inkwi zotswa igitutu kuri 105 ° C (221 ° F) kubindi bike amasaha yo kurangiza densification, hanyuma akuma.Mu kurangiza, inkwi zinjizwa mumavuta yubutare mumasaha 48 kugirango ibicuruzwa byarangiye bitirinda amazi.
Umutungo umwe wubukanishi bwibikoresho byubatswe ni ubukana bwa indentation, ni igipimo cyubushobozi bwacyo bwo kurwanya ihindagurika iyo ukandagiye ku mbaraga.Diyamoni irakomeye kuruta ibyuma, irakomeye kuruta zahabu, irakomeye kuruta inkwi, kandi irakomeye kuruta gupakira ifuro.Mu buhanga bwinshi ibizamini bikoreshwa mukumenya ubukana, nkubukomezi bwa Mohs bukoreshwa muri gemologiya, ikizamini cya Brinell nimwe murimwe.Icyerekezo cyacyo kiroroshye: imipira yicyuma ikomeye ikanda mukigeragezo n'imbaraga runaka. Gupima diameter yumuzingi indentation yakozwe numupira. Agaciro gakomeye ka Brinell kabarwa ukoresheje formulaire y'imibare; mubivuze hafi, nini umwobo umupira ukubise, woroshye ibikoresho.Muri iki kizamini, HW ikubye inshuro 23 kuruta ibiti bisanzwe.
Ibiti byinshi bitavuwe neza bizakurura amazi.Ibi birashobora kwagura inkwi hanyuma amaherezo bikangiza imiterere yabyo. Abanditsi bakoresheje imyunyu ngugu yiminsi ibiri kugirango bongere amazi ya HW, bituma irushaho kuba hydrophobique (“gutinya amazi”). Ikizamini cya hydrophobicity gikubiyemo gushyira igitonyanga cyamazi hejuru yubutaka.Ubuso bwa hydrophobique hejuru, niko ibitonyanga byamazi bigenda bihinduka. Ubuso bwa hydrophilique (“ukunda amazi”) kurundi ruhande, bukwirakwiza ibitonyanga neza (hanyuma hanyuma ikurura amazi byoroshye) .Nuko rero, gushiramo imyunyu ngugu ntabwo byongera cyane hydrophobicity ya HW, ahubwo binarinda inkwi kwinjiza amazi.
Mu bizamini bimwe na bimwe byubuhanga, ibyuma bya HW byakozwe neza cyane kuruta ibyuma.Abanditsi bavuga ko icyuma cya HW gikubye inshuro eshatu nkicyuma kiboneka mu bucuruzi.Nyamara, hariho caveat kuri iki gisubizo gishimishije. Abashakashatsi barimo kugereranya ibyuma byo kumeza, cyangwa icyo twakwita ibyuma byamavuta.Ibi ntabwo bigamije gukara cyane.Abanditsi berekana videwo yicyuma cyabo baca igikoma, ariko umuntu ukuze ukomeye birashoboka ko ashobora guca igikoma kimwe kuruhande rwuruhande rwicyuma, kandi icyuma cya stak cyakora neza cyane.
Tuvuge iki ku nzara? Umusumari umwe wa HW urashobora kugaragara ko ushobora guhomwa mu buryo bworoshye mu kibaho cy’ibibaho bitatu, nubwo bidasobanutse neza nkaho ari ubworoherane ugereranije n’imisumari y'icyuma. Utumambo twiza dushobora noneho gufata imbaho hamwe, tukarwanya imbaraga zashwanyagurika. baratandukanye, hamwe nubukomezi buringaniye nkibiti byicyuma.Mu bigeragezo byabo, ariko, imbaho zombi zananiwe mbere yuko imisumari yombi inanirwa, bityo imisumari ikomeye ntiyagaragaye.
Ese imisumari ya HW irusha ubundi buryo? Inkoni zimbaho ziroroshye, ariko uburemere bwimiterere ntabwo ahanini butwarwa nimbaga yimigozi ifata hamwe.Imambo yimyenda ntishobora kubora.Nyamara, ntabwo izaba ibangamiye amazi cyangwa biodecompose.
Ntagushidikanya ko umwanditsi yateguye inzira yo gukora inkwi zikomeye kuruta ibiti bisanzwe.Nyamara, akamaro k'ibikoresho kumurimo runaka bisaba ubushakashatsi bwimbitse.Bishobora kuba bihendutse kandi bidafite amikoro make nka plastiki? Irashobora guhangana nimbaraga zikomeye? , ibintu byiza cyane, byongeye gukoreshwa mubintu byicyuma? Ubushakashatsi bwabo butera kwibaza ibibazo bishimishije.Ubwubatsi bukomeza (kandi amaherezo isoko) buzabasubiza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-13-2022
