Itegeko ryo kugabanya ibiciro by’ibiciro (IRA), ryashyizweho umukono na Perezida Joe Biden ku ya 15 Kanama, rikubiyemo arenga miliyari 369 z’amadolari y’Amerika mu ngingo zigamije kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu myaka icumi iri imbere. Igice kinini cy’iyi gahunda ni igabanyirizwa ry’umusoro rya leta rigera ku madolari 7,500 ku kugura imodoka zitandukanye zikoresha amashanyarazi, harimo n’izakoreshejwe zikorerwa muri Amerika ya Ruguru.
Itandukaniro rikomeye ugereranyije n’inkunga za EV zabanje ni uko kugira ngo zemererwe inguzanyo y’umusoro, EV zo mu gihe kizaza ntizigomba gusa gutegurwa muri Amerika ya Ruguru, ahubwo zizakorwa mu masezerano ya bateri zikorerwa mu gihugu cyangwa mu bihugu by’ubucuruzi bw’ubwisanzure na Amerika nka Kanada na Megizike. Iri tegeko rishya rigamije gushishikariza abakora imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi kwimura imiyoboro yabo y’ibicuruzwa iva mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere ijya muri Amerika, ariko abahanga mu nganda baribaza niba iryo hinduka rizabaho mu myaka mike iri imbere, nk’uko ubuyobozi bubyifuza, cyangwa ntibizabaho na gato.
IRA ishyiraho amabwiriza ku bice bibiri bya bateri z'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi: ibice byazo, nk'ibikoresho bikora bateri na electrode, hamwe n'amabuye y'agaciro akoreshwa mu gukora ibyo bice.
Guhera umwaka utaha, ibyuma bikoresha amashanyarazi byujuje ibisabwa bizasaba nibura kimwe cya kabiri cy'ibice bya bateri yabyo gukorwa muri Amerika ya Ruguru, aho 40% by'ibikoresho fatizo bya bateri bizava muri Amerika cyangwa abafatanyabikorwa bayo mu bucuruzi. Mu 2028, igipimo ntarengwa cy'ibikenewe kiziyongera uko umwaka utashye kikagera kuri 80% ku bikoresho fatizo bya bateri na 100% ku bikoresho fatizo.
Bamwe mu bakora imodoka, barimo Tesla na General Motors, batangiye gukora bateri zabo bwite mu nganda zo muri Amerika na Kanada. Urugero, Tesla irimo gukora ubwoko bushya bwa bateri mu ruganda rwayo rwa Nevada, bivugwa ko rufite ubushobozi bwo gukora bateri ndende kurusha izitumizwa mu Buyapani ubu. Ubu buryo bwo guhuza imodoka buhagaze neza bushobora gufasha abakora imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi gutsinda ikizamini cya bateri ya IRA. Ariko ikibazo nyacyo ni aho isosiyete ibona ibikoresho fatizo by’izi bateri.
Bateri z'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi ubusanzwe zikorwa muri nikeli, kobalti na manganese (ibintu bitatu by'ingenzi bigize cathode), grafiti (anode), lithiyumu na umuringa. Bizwi nka "big six" mu nganda zikoresha bateri, ubucukuzi n'itunganywa ry'aya mabuye y'agaciro bigenzurwa ahanini n'Ubushinwa, ubuyobozi bwa Biden bwavuze ko ari "ikigo cy'amahanga gihangayikishijwe." Imodoka iyo ari yo yose ikoresha amashanyarazi ikorwa nyuma ya 2025 irimo ibikoresho biva mu Bushinwa izakurwa mu misoro ya leta, nk'uko IRA ibivuga. Itegeko rigaragaza amabuye y'agaciro arenga 30 ya bateri yujuje ibisabwa ku ijanisha ry'umusaruro.
Amasosiyete ya leta y’Ubushinwa afite hafi 80% by’ibikorwa byo gutunganya kobalti ku isi ndetse n’ibirenga 90% by’inganda zitunganya nikeli, manganese na grafiti. “Iyo uguze bateri mu masosiyete yo mu Buyapani na Koreya y’Epfo, nk’uko abakora imodoka benshi babikora, hari amahirwe menshi ko bateri zawe zizaba zirimo ibikoresho bishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu Bushinwa,” ibi ni ibyatangajwe na Trent Mell, umuyobozi mukuru wa Electra Battery Materials, ikigo cyo muri Kanada gicuruza ibikoresho bya kobalti byatunganyijwe ku isi.
“Abakora imodoka bashobora gushaka ko imodoka nyinshi zikoresha amashanyarazi zemererwa kwishyura imisoro. Ariko se bazasanga he abatanga bateri babishoboye? Ubu, abakora imodoka nta yandi mahitamo bafite,” ibi ni ibyatangajwe na Lewis Black, Umuyobozi Mukuru wa Almonty Industries. Iyi sosiyete ni imwe mu zitanga tungsten hanze y’Ubushinwa, irindi buye ry’agaciro rikoreshwa mu mabuye y’agaciro ya anode na cathode ya bateri zimwe na zimwe z’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi hanze y’Ubushinwa, nk’uko iyi sosiyete yabitangaje. (Ubushinwa bugenzura hejuru ya 80% by’itangwa rya tungsten ku isi). Almonty icukura amabuye y’agaciro n’ibicuruzwa muri Esipanye, Porutugali na Koreya y’Epfo.
Ubwiganze bw'Ubushinwa mu bikoresho fatizo bya batiri ni ingaruka z'imyaka myinshi ya politiki ya leta n'ishoramari bikomeye - gushidikanya kwa Black bishobora kugaragara mu bihugu by'Iburengerazuba bw'Isi.
Black yagize ati: “Mu myaka 30 ishize, Ubushinwa bwateje imbere urusobe rw’ibikoresho fatizo bya batiri rukora neza cyane. Mu bukungu bw’Iburengerazuba, gufungura uruganda rushya rw’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro cyangwa urutunganya peteroli bishobora gufata imyaka umunani cyangwa irenga.”
Mell wo muri Electra Battery Materials yavuze ko ikigo cye, cyahoze cyitwa Cobalt First, ari cyo cyonyine muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru gikora cobalt ikoreshwa mu gutwika bateri z'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Iyi sosiyete yakira cobalt ikomoka mu kirombe cya Idaho, ikaba irimo kubaka uruganda rutunganya amabuye y'agaciro muri Ontario, muri Kanada, biteganijwe ko ruzatangira gukora mu ntangiriro za 2023. Electra irimo kubaka uruganda rwa kabiri rutunganya amabuye y'agaciro rwa nickel mu ntara ya Kanada ya Quebec.
Meyer yagize ati: “Amerika ya Ruguru idafite ubushobozi bwo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho bya bateri. Ariko ndizera ko uyu mushinga w’itegeko uzatuma habaho ishoramari rishya mu bijyanye no gutanga bateri.”
Turabyumva ko ukunda kugenzura ubunararibonye bwawe kuri interineti. Ariko inyungu mu kwamamaza zifasha mu gushyigikira itangazamakuru ryacu. Kugira ngo usome inkuru yacu yose, nyamuneka funga igikoresho cyawe cyo gukumira amatangazo. Ubufasha ubwo aribwo bwose bwashimwa cyane.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-31-2022
