Itegeko ryo kugabanya ifaranga (IRA) ryashyizweho umukono n’itegeko na Perezida Joe Biden ku ya 15 Kanama, rikubiyemo miliyari zisaga 369 z’amadolari agamije kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu myaka icumi iri imbere. Igice kinini cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ni umusoro rusange w’amadorari agera ku 7.500 $ yo kugura imodoka zitandukanye z’amashanyarazi, harimo n’izikoreshwa muri Amerika ya Ruguru.
Itandukaniro ryingenzi n’ibikorwa byashize bya EV ni uko kugira ngo umuntu yemererwe kubona inguzanyo y’imisoro, EV izaza ntizigomba gukusanyirizwa muri Amerika ya Ruguru gusa, ahubwo izakorwa no muri bateri ikorerwa mu gihugu cyangwa mu bihugu by’ubucuruzi byigenga. amasezerano na Amerika nka Kanada na Mexico. Iri tegeko rishya rigamije gushishikariza abakora ibinyabiziga by’amashanyarazi guhindura imiyoboro yabo ituruka mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere bakerekeza muri Amerika, ariko abari mu nganda bibaza niba iryo hinduka rizaba mu myaka mike iri imbere, nk'uko ubuyobozi bubyizeye, cyangwa sibyo.
IRA ishyiraho imipaka kubintu bibiri bya bateri yimashanyarazi: ibiyigize, nka bateri nibikoresho bya electrode, hamwe namabuye y'agaciro akoreshwa mugukora ibyo bice.
Guhera umwaka utaha, EV zujuje ibisabwa zizakenera byibuze kimwe cya kabiri cyibikoresho bya batiri bizakorerwa muri Amerika ya ruguru, hamwe 40% byibikoresho fatizo bituruka muri Amerika cyangwa abafatanyabikorwa bayo mu bucuruzi. Kugeza 2028, ijanisha ntarengwa risabwa riziyongera umwaka ku mwaka kugera kuri 80% kubikoresho fatizo bya batiri na 100% kubigize.
Bamwe mu bakora amamodoka, barimo Tesla na General Motors, batangiye guteza imbere bateri zabo ku nganda zo muri Amerika na Kanada. Urugero, Tesla ikora ubwoko bushya bwa batiri ku ruganda rwayo rwa Nevada bivugwa ko rufite intera ndende kuruta izatumizwa mu Buyapani. Uku guhuza guhagaritse gushobora gufasha abakora ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi gutsinda ibizamini bya batiri ya IRA. Ariko ikibazo nyacyo ni aho isosiyete ikura ibikoresho fatizo bya bateri.
Batteri yimodoka yamashanyarazi ikorwa muri nikel, cobalt na manganese (ibintu bitatu byingenzi bigize cathode), grafite (anode), lithium numuringa. Azwi nka “binini bitandatu” by'inganda za batiri, ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro no gutunganya ayo mabuye y'agaciro bigenzurwa ahanini n'Ubushinwa, ubuyobozi bwa Biden buvuga ko ari “ikigo cy'amahanga gihangayikishije.” Imodoka iyo ari yo yose y’amashanyarazi yakozwe nyuma ya 2025 irimo ibikoresho biva mu Bushinwa izavanwa mu nguzanyo y’imisoro rusange, nk'uko IRA ibitangaza. Itegeko ryerekana amabuye y'agaciro arenga 30 yujuje ibisabwa ku ijanisha ry'umusaruro.
Ibigo bya Leta y'Ubushinwa bifite hafi 80 ku ijana by'ibikorwa byo gutunganya cobalt ku isi ndetse birenga 90 ku ijana by'inganda zitunganya nikel, manganese na grafite. Trent Mell, umuyobozi mukuru wa Electra Battery Materials, isosiyete yo muri Kanada igurisha ibikoresho byo ku isi yose yagize ati: "Niba uguze bateri mu masosiyete yo mu Buyapani na Koreya y'Epfo, nk'uko abakora amamodoka benshi babikora, hari amahirwe menshi ko bateri yawe irimo ibikoresho bitunganyirizwa mu Bushinwa." cobalt. Uruganda rukora amashanyarazi.
Ati: “Abakora amamodoka barashobora gukora imodoka nyinshi z’amashanyarazi zemerewe inguzanyo. Ariko ni he bagiye gusanga abatanga bateri babishoboye? Kuri ubu, abakora amamodoka nta mahitamo bafite ”, ibi bikaba byavuzwe na Lewis Black, umuyobozi mukuru wa Almonty Industries. Isosiyete yavuze ko iyi sosiyete ari imwe mu zitanga ibicuruzwa hanze y’Ubushinwa za tungsten, andi mabuye y'agaciro akoreshwa muri anode na cathodes ya bateri zimwe na zimwe z’amashanyarazi hanze y’Ubushinwa. (Ubushinwa bugenzura 80% by'itangwa rya tungsten ku isi). Ibirombe bya Almonty n'ibikorwa muri Espagne, Porutugali na Koreya y'Epfo.
Ubushinwa bwiganje mu bikoresho fatizo bya batiri ni ibisubizo bya politiki ya guverinoma ishora imari n’ishoramari - Gushidikanya kwa Black birashobora kwigana mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba.
Black yagize ati: "Mu myaka 30 ishize, Ubushinwa bwateje imbere uburyo bwiza bwo gutanga ibikoresho bya batiri." Ati: “Mu bukungu bw'Uburengerazuba, gufungura ubucukuzi bushya bw'amabuye y'agaciro cyangwa peteroli bishobora gutwara imyaka umunani cyangwa irenga.”
Mell of Electra Battery Materials yavuze ko isosiyete ye yahoze yitwa Cobalt First, ari yo yonyine yo muri Amerika ya Ruguru ikora cobalt ya batiri y’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Isosiyete yakira cobalt itavuye mu birombe bya Idaho kandi irimo kubaka uruganda rutunganya uruganda i Ontario, muri Kanada, biteganijwe ko ruzatangira gukora mu ntangiriro za 2023. Electra yubaka uruganda rwa kabiri rwa nikel mu ntara ya Quebec yo muri Kanada.
Ati: “Amerika y'Amajyaruguru idafite ubushobozi bwo gutunganya ibikoresho bya batiri. Ariko ndizera ko uyu mushinga w'itegeko uzatera ishoramari rishya mu rwego rwo gutanga batiri ”, Meyer.
Twumva ko ukunda kugenzura uburambe bwa enterineti. Ariko amafaranga yo kwamamaza adufasha gushyigikira itangazamakuru ryacu. Kugirango usome inkuru yacu yuzuye, nyamuneka uhagarike iyamamaza ryawe. Ubufasha ubwo aribwo bwose bwashimirwa cyane.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-31-2022
