Karubide ni ubwoko bw'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga byihuta cyane (HSM), bikorwa binyuze mu buryo bw'imashini zikoresha ifu kandi bigizwe n'uduce twa karubide ikomeye (ubusanzwe tungsten carbide WC) hamwe n'ibice by'icyuma byoroshye. Muri iki gihe, hari amagana ya karubide zikozwe muri WC zifite imiterere itandukanye, inyinshi muri zo zikoresha cobalt (Co) nk'icyuma gifunga, nikeli (Ni) na chromium (Cr) nabyo bikunze gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho bifunga, n'ibindi bishobora kongerwamo. Kuki hari ubwoko bwinshi bwa karubide? Ni gute abakora ibikoresho bahitamo ibikoresho bikwiye mu gikorwa runaka cyo gukata? Kugira ngo dusubize ibi bibazo, reka tubanze turebe imiterere itandukanye ituma karubide ikozwe muri sima iba ibikoresho byiza by'igikoresho.
ubukana n'ubukomere
Karubide ikozwe muri sima ya WC-Co ifite ibyiza byihariye haba mu gukomera no gukomera. Karubide ya Tungsten (WC) ni ikomeye cyane (iruta corundum cyangwa alumina), kandi gukomera kwayo ntigukunze kugabanuka uko ubushyuhe bwo kuyikoresha bwiyongera. Ariko, nta gukomera guhagije ihagije ifite, ni ingenzi mu bikoresho byo gukata. Kugira ngo abantu bungukire ku gukomera gukomeye kwa karubide ya Tungsten no kunoza gukomera kwayo, bakoresha imigozi y'icyuma kugira ngo bafatanye karubide ya Tungsten, ku buryo iyi mashini ifite gukomera kurenza kure ukw'icyuma cyihuta cyane, mu gihe ishobora kwihanganira imbaraga nyinshi zo gukata. Byongeye kandi, ishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo gukata buterwa no gukora vuba cyane.
Muri iki gihe, hafi ya ibyuma byose bya WC-Co n'ibice biyinjizamo biratwikiriwe, bityo uruhare rw'ibikoresho by'ibanze rusa nkaho rutari ingenzi cyane. Ariko mu by'ukuri, ni uburyo bworoshye bwo gukaraba bw'ibikoresho bya WC-Co (igipimo cy'ubukana, kingana n'inshuro eshatu z'icyuma cyihuta cyane ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba) butanga substrate idahinduka yo gukaraba. Matrix ya WC-Co inatanga ubukana bukenewe. Iyi miterere ni yo miterere y'ibanze y'ibikoresho bya WC-Co, ariko imiterere y'ibikoresho ishobora no guhindurwa hakoreshejwe guhindura imiterere y'ibikoresho n'imiterere mito mu gihe cyo gukora ifu ya karubide ikozwe muri sima. Kubwibyo, imikorere y'igikoresho mu imashini runaka iterwa ahanini n'uburyo bwo gusya bwa mbere.
Uburyo bwo gusya
Ifu ya karuboni ya tungsten iboneka hakoreshejwe ifu ya tungsten (W) ikoze muri kaburizing. Imiterere y'ifu ya karuboni ya tungsten (cyane cyane ingano y'uduce twayo) ahanini iterwa n'ingano y'uduce tw'ifu ya tungsten y'ibikoresho fatizo n'ubushyuhe n'igihe cyo gukaburizing. Kugenzura imiti nabyo ni ingenzi, kandi ingano ya karuboni igomba kugumana (hafi y'agaciro ka 6.13% by'uburemere). Umubare muto wa vanadium na/cyangwa chromium ushobora kongerwamo mbere yo gukoresha kaburizing kugira ngo hagenzurwe ingano y'uduce tw'ifu binyuze mu nzira zikurikiraho. Imiterere itandukanye y'imikorere n'ikoreshwa ritandukanye ryo gutunganya bisaba uruvange rwihariye rw'ingano y'uduce twa karuboni ya tungsten, ingano ya karuboni, ingano ya vanadium na chromium, binyuze muri byo hashobora gukorwa ubwoko butandukanye bw'uduce twa karuboni twa tungsten. Urugero, ATI Alldyne, uruganda rukora ifu ya karubide ya tungsten, rukora ifu ya karubide isanzwe ingana n’ibipimo 23, kandi ubwoko bw’ifu ya karubide ya tungsten ikozwe mu buryo bukurikije ibyo umukoresha akeneye bushobora kugera ku nshuro zirenga 5 z’ifu ya karubide ya tungsten isanzwe.
Mu kuvanga no gusya ifu ya karubide ya tungsten n'icyuma kugira ngo haboneke ifu ya karubide ikozwe muri sima, hashobora gukoreshwa uburyo butandukanye bwo kuvanga. Ingano ya kobalti ikoreshwa cyane ni 3% - 25% (uburemere), kandi mu gihe bikenewe kongera ubudahangarwa bw'igikoresho, ni ngombwa kongeramo nikeli na chromium. Byongeye kandi, icyuma gishobora kunozwa kurushaho hakongerwamo ibindi bice by'icyuma. Urugero, kongeramo ruthenium muri karubide ikozwe muri sima ya WC-Co bishobora kongera ubukomere bwayo cyane hatagabanijwe ubukomere bwayo. Kongera ingano ya binder bishobora no kongera ubukomere bwa karubide ikozwe muri sima, ariko bizagabanya ubukomere bwayo.
Kugabanya ingano y'uduce twa karubide ya tungsten bishobora kongera ubukana bw'ibikoresho, ariko ingano y'uduce twa karubide ya tungsten igomba kuguma uko iri mu gihe cyo gushonga. Mu gihe cyo gushonga, uduce twa karubide ya tungsten turahurirana kandi tugakura binyuze mu nzira yo gushonga no kongera gushya. Mu gihe cyo gushonga, kugira ngo habeho ibikoresho byuzuye, icyuma gihuza gihinduka amazi (cyitwa liquid phase sintering). Igipimo cyo gukura kw'uduce twa karubide ya tungsten gishobora kugenzurwa hongerwamo izindi karubide z'icyuma zihinduka, harimo vanadium carbide (VC), chromium carbide (Cr3C2), titanium carbide (TiC), tantalum carbide (TaC), na niobium carbide (NbC). Izi karubide z'icyuma zikunze kongerwamo iyo ifu ya karubide ya tungsten ivanze kandi igasya hakoreshejwe icyuma, nubwo vanadium carbide na chromium carbide nabyo bishobora gukorwa iyo ifu ya karubide ya tungsten ihinduwe karubide.
Ifu ya karuboni ya tungsten ishobora kandi gukorwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bya karuboni byasubiwemo. Gusubiramo no kongera gukoresha karuboni byamaze igihe kinini mu nganda za karuboni za sima kandi ni igice cy'ingenzi cy'uruhererekane rw'ubukungu rw'inganda, bifasha kugabanya ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho, kuzigama umutungo kamere no kwirinda imyanda. Gutabwa mu buryo bubi. Karuboni ya sima ishobora gukoreshwa muri rusange hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa APT (ammonium paratungstate), uburyo bwo kugarura zinc cyangwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusya. Izi fu ya karuboni ya tungsten "zisubiwemo" muri rusange zifite ubucucike bwiza kandi bushoboka kuko zifite ubuso buto ugereranyije n'ifu ya karuboni ya tungsten ikorwa mu buryo butaziguye binyuze mu buryo bwa karuboni ya tungsten.
Imiterere yo gutunganya ifu ya karuboni ya tungsten ivanze n'umugozi w'icyuma nayo ni ingenzi mu mikorere. Uburyo bubiri bukoreshwa cyane mu gusya ni ugusya imipira no gusya mikoro. Uburyo bwombi butuma habaho kuvanga ifu ivanze n'ingano y'uduce duto. Kugira ngo igikoresho gikururwa nyuma kigire imbaraga zihagije, kigumane imiterere y'igikoresho, kandi gifashe umukoresha cyangwa umucungamutungo gufata igikoresho cyo gukora, ubusanzwe ni ngombwa kongeramo icyuma gikurura umwimerere mu gihe cyo gusya. Imiterere y'ubu bwoko bw'imiti ishobora kugira ingaruka ku bucucike n'imbaraga by'igikoresho gikururwa. Kugira ngo byorohe kuyikoresha, ni byiza kongeramo ibyuma bikurura imbaraga nyinshi, ariko ibi bituma ubucucike buke kandi bishobora gutera utubumbe dushobora gutera inenge ku musaruro wa nyuma.
Nyuma yo gusya, ifu ikunze kuyumishwa kugira ngo habeho agglomerate zitemba zifatanye n'ibikoresho bihuza ibinyabuzima. Mu guhindura imiterere y'ibikoresho bihuza ibinyabuzima, ubushobozi bwo gutembera no gucurika amashanyarazi by'ibi bihuza bishobora guhindurwa uko ubyifuza. Mu gusuzuma uduce duto cyangwa twinshi, ingano y'uduce duto tw'ibihuza ishobora guhindurwa kugira ngo habeho gutembera neza iyo bishyizwe mu mwobo w'ibihumyo.
Gukora ibikoresho by'akazi
Ibikoresho bya karubide bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora. Bitewe n'ingano y'ibikoresho, urwego rw'imiterere, n'itsinda ry'ibicuruzwa, ibyinshi mu bice bicurwa hakoreshejwe ibyuma bito bito byo hejuru n'ibyo hasi. Kugira ngo uburemere n'ingano by'ibikoresho bigumane mu buryo buhamye mu gihe cyo gukanda, ni ngombwa kwemeza ko ingano y'ifu (uburemere n'ingano) inyura mu mwobo ari imwe. Uburyo ifu itemberamo bugenzurwa ahanini n'ingano y'ibice bito n'imiterere y'icyuma gifunga ibintu. Ibikoresho bicuzwe (cyangwa "ibice by'ubusa") bikorwa hakoreshejwe umuvuduko wa 10-80 ksi (kilo paundi kuri metero kare) ku ifu ishyizwe mu mwobo w'ibikoresho.
Nubwo haba hari igitutu kinini cyane cyo gushushanya, uduce twa karubide ikomeye ya tungsten ntabwo tuzahindura cyangwa ngo ducike, ariko igikoresho cyo gufunga kijya mu cyuho kiri hagati y’uduce twa karubide ya tungsten, bityo bigashyiraho aho uduce duherereye. Uko igitutu kirushaho kuba kinini, ni ko uduce twa karubide ya tungsten dufatanya cyane kandi ni ko ubucucike bw’ibikoresho byo gufunga burushaho kwiyongera. Imiterere y’uburyo bwo gushushanya ifu ya karubide ikozwe muri sima ishobora gutandukana, bitewe n’ingano n’imiterere y’uduce twa karubide ya tungsten, urwego rwo guhurira hamwe, hamwe n’imiterere n’inyongera y’igikoresho cyo gufunga kikozwe muri sima. Kugira ngo haboneke amakuru y’ingano yerekeye imiterere y’uburyo bwo gufunga ifu ya karubide ikozwe muri sima, isano iri hagati y’ubucucike bw’ibumba n’igitutu cyo gushushanya ubusanzwe itegurwa kandi ikorwa n’uruganda rukora ifu. Aya makuru yemeza ko ifu itangwa ihuye n’uburyo uruganda rukora ibikoresho rukora.
Imashini nini zo gukora za karubide cyangwa imashini zo gukora za karubide zifite ingano nini (nk'imashini zo gukora uruganda n'imashini zitobora) zisanzwe zikorwa mu bwoko bumwe bw'ifu ya karubide ipfundikirwa mu gikapu cyoroshye. Nubwo uruziga rwo gukora uburyo bwo gukanda bungana ari rurerure kurusha ubwo gukoresha uburyo bwo gushushanya, igiciro cyo gukora igikoresho ni gito, bityo ubu buryo bukwiriye cyane mu gukora uduce duto.
Ubu buryo bwo gukora ni ugushyira ifu mu gikapu, ugafunga umunwa w'igikapu, hanyuma ugashyira ifu yuzuye mu cyumba, hanyuma ugashyiramo igitutu cya 30-60ksi unyuze mu gikoresho cya hydraulic kugira ngo gikandwe. Imashini zikanda zikunze gukoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye mbere yo gukandwa. Ingano y'igikapu iragurwa kugira ngo ijyane n'igabanuka ry'imashini mu gihe cyo gukandwa no gutanga umwanya uhagije wo gusya. Kubera ko imashini igomba gutunganywa nyuma yo gukandwa, ibisabwa kugira ngo ifu ikomeze gukandwa ntabwo ari bikomeye nk'uko bigenda mu buryo bwo gukandwa, ariko ni byiza kwemeza ko ifu ingana n'iyo ishyirwa mu gikapu buri gihe. Niba ubucucike bw'ifu ari buto cyane, bishobora gutuma ifu idahagije mu gikapu, bigatuma imashini iba nto cyane kandi ikaba igomba gukandwa. Niba ubucucike bw'ifu ari bwinshi cyane, kandi ifu ishyizwe mu gikapu ari nyinshi cyane, imashini igomba gutunganywa kugira ngo ikuremo ifu nyinshi nyuma yo gukandwa. Nubwo ifu irenze ikurwaho n'imashini zikandagirwa ishobora kongera gukoreshwa, kubikora bigabanya umusaruro.
Ibikoresho bya karubide bishobora kandi gukorwa hakoreshejwe imashini zo gusohora cyangwa imashini zo gutema. Uburyo bwo gushushanya imashini bukwiriye cyane mu gukora imashini zo gushushanya zifite ishusho ya axisymmetric, mu gihe uburyo bwo gushushanya imashini bukoreshwa mu gukora imashini nyinshi zifite ishusho ikomeye. Muri ubwo buryo bwombi bwo gushushanya, ifu ya karubide ikozwe muri sima ishyirwa mu cyuma gifunga imiti kigira ubuziranenge nk'ubw'amenyo ku mvange ya karubide ikozwe muri sima. Hanyuma icyo kintu gisohokamo giciye mu mwobo cyangwa kigashyirwa mu mwobo kugira ngo gikore. Imiterere y'urwego rw'ifu ya karubide ikozwe muri sima ni yo igena ikigereranyo cyiza cy'ifu ku cyuma gifunga mu mvange, kandi igira ingaruka zikomeye ku buryo imvange inyura mu mwobo wo gusohora cyangwa ishyirwa mu mwobo.
Nyuma y’uko igikoresho gikozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gushushanya, gukanda isostatic, gusohora cyangwa gushushanya inshinge, igikoresho cyo gufunga kigomba gukurwa mu mashini mbere y’uko igice cya nyuma cyo gushushanya gitangira. Gutunganya bikuraho imyenge mu mashini, bigatuma irushaho kuba nini (cyangwa ikomeye). Mu gihe cyo gushushanya, icyuma gifatanye mu mashini gikozwe mu mashini kiba amazi, ariko igikoresho gikomeza kuba gifite ishusho yacyo bitewe n’imbaraga za capillary n’imibanire y’uduce.
Nyuma yo gucukura, imiterere y'ibikoresho ikomeza kuba imwe, ariko ingano ziragabanuka. Kugira ngo ubone ingano y'ibikoresho bikenewe nyuma yo gucukura, umuvuduko wo gucukura ugomba kwitabwaho mu gushushanya igikoresho. Ingano y'ifu ya karubide ikoreshwa mu gukora buri gikoresho igomba gutegurwa kugira ngo igire gucukura gukwiye iyo ipfunyitse munsi y'umuvuduko ukwiye.
Mu bihe hafi ya byose, nyuma yo gusya icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gishyushye, birakenewe. Uburyo bw'ibanze bwo gusya ni ugusya inkombe z'icyuma. Ibikoresho byinshi bisaba gusya imiterere n'ingano yabyo nyuma yo gusya. Ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bisaba gusya hejuru no hepfo; ibindi bisaba gusya impande (harimo gusya inkombe z'icyuma cyangwa hatarashashwa). Uduce twose twa karubide dukoreshwa mu gusya dushobora kongera gukoreshwa.
Igipfukisho cy'akazi
Kenshi na kenshi, igikoresho cy’akazi cyarangiye kigomba gusigwa. Igipfundikizo gitanga ubushyuhe n’ubukomezi bwiyongera, ndetse n’imbogamizi yo gukwirakwira kuri substrate, bikarinda ogisijeni iyo ihuye n’ubushyuhe bwinshi. Substrate ya karubide ikozwe muri sima ni ingenzi cyane ku mikorere y’igipfundikizo. Uretse guhuza imiterere y’ingenzi y’ifu ya matrix, imiterere y’ubuso bwa matrix ishobora no guhindurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhitamo imiti no guhindura uburyo bwo gusya. Binyuze mu kwimuka kwa cobalt, cobalt nyinshi ishobora kongerwa mu gice cyo hanze cy’ubuso bw’icyuma kiri hagati ya 20-30 μm ugereranyije n’ikindi gice cy’akazi, bityo bigaha ubuso bw’icyuma imbaraga n’ubukomere, bigatuma kirushaho kurwanya ububobere.
Hashingiwe ku buryo bwabo bwo gukora (nk'uburyo bwo gusukamo amazi, umuvuduko wo gushyushya, igihe cyo gusukamo amazi, ubushyuhe n'amashanyarazi), uruganda rukora ibikoresho rushobora kuba rufite ibisabwa byihariye ku rwego rw'ifu ya karuboni ikoreshwa. Bamwe mu bakora ibikoresho bashobora gusukamo amazi mu itanura rikoresha umwuka, abandi bashobora gukoresha itanura rishyushye rya isostatic (HIP) rikoresha umwuka (rishyiramo ingufu ku gice cyo gukora hafi y'iherezo ry'urugendo kugira ngo rikureho imyenge y'ibisigazwa). Ibikorwa bishyirwa mu itanura rikoresha umwuka bishobora kandi gukenera gukandagirwaho amazi binyuze mu yindi nzira kugira ngo byongere ubucucike bw'ibikoresho. Bamwe mu bakora ibikoresho bashobora gukoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo gusukamo amazi kugira ngo bongere ubucucike bw'ibivanze bifite cobalt nke, ariko ubu buryo bushobora kwangiza imiterere yabyo. Kugira ngo bikomeze kuba byiza, ifu ifite utunyangingo duto twa karuboni ya tungsten ishobora gutoranywa. Kugira ngo ihuze n'ibikoresho byihariye byo gukora, imiterere ya dewaxing n'amashanyarazi ya karuboni bifite ibisabwa bitandukanye ku bucucike bwa karuboni mu ifu ya karuboni ikoresha umwuka.
Ishyirwa mu byiciro ry'amanota
Impinduka mu buryo butandukanye bw'ifu ya tungsten carbide, imiterere y'uruvange n'ingano y'icyuma gifunga, ubwoko n'ingano y'ibinyampeke bigabanya gukura kw'ibinyampeke, nibindi, bigize ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibinyampeke bya karubide. Ibi bipimo bizagena imiterere mito ya karubide ya sima n'imiterere yayo. Imiterere imwe n'imwe yahindutse ingenzi kuri zimwe mu porogaramu zihariye zo gutunganya, bituma bifite akamaro gushyira mu byiciro ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibinyampeke bya karubide ya sima.
Sisitemu ebyiri zikoreshwa cyane mu gushyira mu byiciro karubide mu mikorere y’imashini ni sisitemu yo gushyira mu byiciro C na sisitemu yo gushyira mu byiciro ISO. Nubwo nta sisitemu igaragaza neza imiterere y’ibikoresho bigira ingaruka ku guhitamo ibyiciro bya karubide bikozwe muri sima, bitanga aho gutangirira ikiganiro. Kuri buri cyiciro, abakora benshi bafite ibyiciro byabo byihariye, bigatuma habaho ubwoko bwinshi bw’ibyiciro bya karubide.
Ingano za karubide zishobora kandi gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe imiterere. Ingano za karubide ya Tungsten (WC) zishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butatu bw'ibanze: bworoshye, microcrystalline n'ivanze. Ingano za Simplex zigizwe ahanini na tungsten carbide na cobalt binders, ariko zishobora no kuba zirimo ingano nto y'ibibuza gukura kw'ibinyampeke. Ingano ya microcrystalline igizwe na tungsten carbide na cobalt binder byongeweho hamwe n'ibinyampeke byinshi bya vanadium carbide (VC) na (cyangwa) chromium carbide (Cr3C2), kandi ingano yayo ishobora kugera kuri μm 1 cyangwa munsi yayo. Ingano za alloy zigizwe na tungsten carbide na cobalt binders zirimo titanium carbide nke (TiC), tantalum carbide (TaC), na niobium carbide (NbC). Izi nyongera zizwi kandi nka cubic carbides kubera imiterere yazo yo gushwanyagurika. Imiterere mito ivamo igaragaza imiterere idasa.
1) Ingano zoroshye za karubide
Izi ngeri zo gukata ibyuma akenshi ziba zirimo 3% kugeza 12% bya cobalt (ukurikije uburemere). Ingano y'ibinyampeke bya karubide ya tungsten akenshi iba iri hagati ya 1-8 μm. Kimwe n'izindi ngeri, kugabanya ingano y'uduce twa karubide ya tungsten byongera ubukana bwayo n'imbaraga zo gucika kw'inyuguti (TRS), ariko bigabanya ubukana bwayo. Ubukana bw'ubwoko bw'umwimerere akenshi buba hagati ya HRA89-93.5; imbaraga zo gucika kw'inyuguti akenshi ziba hagati ya 175-350ksi. Ifu y'izi ngeri ishobora kuba irimo ibikoresho byinshi byasubijwemo.
Amanota yoroshye ashobora kugabanywamo C1-C4 muri sisitemu ya C, kandi ashobora gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe uruhererekane rwa K, N, S na H muri sisitemu ya ISO. Amanota ya Simplex afite imiterere yo hagati ashobora gushyirwa mu byiciro rusange (nka C2 cyangwa K20) kandi ashobora gukoreshwa mu guhindukira, gusya, gusya no gutobora; amanota afite ingano nto cyangwa kobalti nke kandi ikomeye cyane ashobora gushyirwa mu byiciro byo kurangiza (nka C4 cyangwa K01); amanota afite ingano nini cyangwa kobalti nyinshi kandi ikomeye neza ashobora gushyirwa mu byiciro byo gukata (nka C1 cyangwa K30).
Ibikoresho byakozwe mu byiciro bya Simplex bishobora gukoreshwa mu gutunganya ibyuma bikozwe mu cyuma gishongeshejwe, ibyuma 200 na 300 bitarangirika, aluminiyumu n'ibindi byuma bidakoresha feri, superalloys n'ibyuma bikomeye. Ibi byiciro bishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gukata bitari ibyuma (urugero nk'ibikoresho byo gucukura amabuye n'ubutaka), kandi ibi byiciro bifite ingano ya 1.5-10μm (cyangwa nini) n'ingano ya cobalt iri hagati ya 6% na 16%. Ubundi buryo bwo gukata bitari ibyuma bukoreshwa mu gukata karuboni zoroshye ni mu gukora ibyuma n'udupira. Ibi byiciro ubusanzwe bifite ingano iringaniye y'ingano ya cobalt iri hagati ya 16% na 30%.
(2) Ingano za karubide zikozwe muri sima ya microcrystalline
Ubusanzwe bene ubu bwoko bugizwe na 6%-15% bya kobalti. Mu gihe cyo gushwanyagurika kw'amazi, kongeramo karubide ya vanadium na/cyangwa karubide ya chromium bishobora kugenzura imikurire y'ibinyampeke kugira ngo haboneke imiterere y'ibinyampeke byiza bifite ubunini buri munsi ya μm 1. Ubu bwoko bufite ubukana bwinshi cyane n'imbaraga zo gushwanyagurika zirenga 500ksi. Guhuza imbaraga nyinshi n'ubukana buhagije bituma ubu bwoko bukoresha inguni nini y'inguni nziza, bigabanya imbaraga zo gukata kandi bigatanga uduce tworoshye binyuze mu gukata aho gusunika ibikoresho by'icyuma.
Binyuze mu kumenya neza ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho fatizo bitandukanye mu gukora ifu ya karuboni ikozwe muri sima, no kugenzura neza imiterere y'imikorere yo gutwika kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibinyampeke binini bidasanzwe biba mu miterere y'ibikoresho, birashoboka kubona imiterere ikwiye y'ibikoresho. Kugira ngo ingano y'ibinyampeke ikomeze kuba nto kandi ihuze, ifu yasubiwemo ikoreshwa igomba gukoreshwa gusa iyo hari kugenzura burundu ibikoresho fatizo n'uburyo bwo kubigarura, no gusuzuma ubuziranenge bwabyo mu buryo bwimbitse.
Amanota ya microcrystalline ashobora gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe urutonde rwa M muri sisitemu ya ISO. Byongeye kandi, ubundi buryo bwo gushyira mu byiciro muri sisitemu ya C na sisitemu ya ISO ni kimwe n'amanota y'umwimerere. Amanota ya microcrystalline ashobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho bikata ibikoresho byoroshye byo gukora, kuko ubuso bw'igikoresho bushobora gukozwa neza cyane kandi bugatuma uruhande rugufi rukomera cyane.
Amanota ya microcrystalline ashobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gukora superalloys zishingiye kuri nickel, kuko zishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bugera kuri 1200°C. Mu gutunganya superalloys n'ibindi bikoresho byihariye, gukoresha ibikoresho bya microcrystalline hamwe n'ibikoresho bya pure grade birimo ruthenium bishobora kongera icyarimwe ubushobozi bwabyo bwo kudashira, kudahinduka no gukomera. Amanota ya microcrystalline nayo akwiriye mu gukora ibikoresho bizenguruka nk'imashini zitanga stress yo gukata. Hariho imashini ikoze mu byiciro bya carbide ivanze. Mu bice bimwe na bimwe by'imashini imwe, ingano ya cobalt mu bikoresho iratandukanye, ku buryo ubukana n'ubukomere bw'imashini binonosorwa hakurikijwe ibyo imashini ikeneye gutunganya.
(3) Ingano za karubide zikozwe muri sima zo mu bwoko bwa alloy
Izi ngeri zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukata ibice by'icyuma, kandi ingano ya cobalt muri byo isanzwe iri hagati ya 5% na 10%, kandi ingano y'ingano iri hagati ya 0.8-2μm. Kongeraho 4% na 25% ya titanium carbide (TiC), icyerekezo cya tungsten carbide (WC) cyo gukwirakwira ku buso bw'ibice by'icyuma gishobora kugabanuka. Ingufu z'igikoresho, ubudahangarwa bw'ingufu no kudahangarwa n'ubushyuhe bishobora kongerwaho 25% ya tantalum carbide (TaC) na niobium carbide (NbC). Kongeramo bene iyo cubic carbide nabyo byongera ubukana bw'umutuku bw'igikoresho, bigafasha kwirinda guhinduka k'ubushyuhe bw'igikoresho mu gukata cyane cyangwa mu bindi bikorwa aho inkombe yo guca izatanga ubushyuhe bwinshi. Byongeye kandi, titanium carbide ishobora gutanga ahantu hanini mu gihe cyo gutwika, ikongera uburinganire bwa cubic carbide mu gice cy'akazi.
Muri rusange, urwego rw'ubukomere bw'ubwoko bwa karubide ikozwe muri sima yo mu bwoko bwa alloy ni HRA91-94, naho imbaraga zo kwangirika kw'imashini ni 150-300ksi. Ugereranyije n'urwego rw'ubuziranenge, urwego rw'imashini rufite ubudahangarwa buke bwo kwangirika n'imbaraga nke, ariko rufite ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo kwangirika kw'imashini. Urwego rw'imashini rushobora kugabanywamo C5-C8 muri sisitemu ya C, kandi rushobora gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe urutonde rwa P na M muri sisitemu ya ISO. Urwego rw'imashini rufite imiterere yo hagati rushobora gushyirwa mu byiciro rusange (nka C6 cyangwa P30) kandi rushobora gukoreshwa mu guhindukira, gukubita, gusya no gusya. Urwego rukomeye rushobora gushyirwa mu byiciro byo kurangiza (nka C8 na P01) mu kurangiza no gukora ibikorwa byo kurambira. Urwego ubusanzwe rufite ingano nto y'ibinyampeke n'ingano nto ya cobalt kugira ngo ubone ubukomere n'ubudahangarwa bikenewe. Ariko, imiterere isa y'ibikoresho ishobora kuboneka wongeyeho karubide nyinshi. Urwego rufite ubukomere bwinshi rushobora gushyirwa mu byiciro byo gukaraba (urugero: C5 cyangwa P50). Ubusanzwe izi nganda zifite ubunini buringaniye n'ingano nini ya kobalti, hamwe n'inyongera nke za karubide kugira ngo zigere ku bukomere bwifuzwa binyuze mu kubuza imikurire y'ibice. Mu bikorwa byo guhindukira bihagaritswe, imikorere yo gukata ishobora kunozwa kurushaho hakoreshejwe ingero za kobalti zivuzwe haruguru zifite kobalti nyinshi ku buso bw'igikoresho.
Ingano z'ibice bya aluminiyumu bifite karubide nke ya titaniyumu zikoreshwa mu gutunganya ibyuma bitanduye n'ibyuma bishobora gukoreshwa mu gusya, ariko zishobora no gukoreshwa mu gutunganya ibyuma bitarimo feri nka superalloys zishingiye kuri nikeli. Ingano y'ibi bipimo akenshi iba iri munsi ya 1 μm, naho ingano ya cobalt ikaba iri hagati ya 8% na 12%. Ingano zikomeye nka M10, zishobora gukoreshwa mu guhindura icyuma gishobora gukoreshwa mu gusya; Ingano zikomeye nka M40, zishobora gukoreshwa mu gusya no gusya ibyuma, cyangwa mu guhindura ibyuma bitanduye cyangwa superalloys.
Ingano ya karubide ikozwe muri sima yo mu bwoko bwa alloy ishobora no gukoreshwa mu bikorwa bitari iby'icyuma, cyane cyane mu gukora ibice bidashobora kwangirika. Ingano y'uduce tw'iyi ngano akenshi iba 1.2-2 μm, kandi ingano ya kobalti iba 7%-10%. Mu gukora ibi byiciro, igipimo kinini cy'ibikoresho fatizo byasubiwemo gikunze kongerwamo, bigatuma igiciro gihendutse mu gukoresha ibice bisanzwe. Ibice bisanzwe bisaba kurwanya ingese neza no gukomera cyane, bishobora kuboneka wongeyeho nickel na chromium carbide mu gukora ibi byiciro.
Kugira ngo habeho ibisabwa mu rwego rwa tekiniki n'ubukungu by'abakora ibikoresho, ifu ya karubide ni ikintu cy'ingenzi. Ifu yagenewe ibikoresho byo gutunganya ibikoresho n'ibipimo by'imikorere by'abakora ibikoresho igenzura imikorere y'ibikoresho kandi yavuyemo amajana menshi ya karubide. Imiterere y'ibikoresho bya karubide ishobora kongera gukoreshwa ndetse n'ubushobozi bwo gukorana neza n'abatanga ifu bituma abakora ibikoresho bagenzura neza ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa byabo n'ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-18-2022
